Lewinsky scandal

Lewinsky scandal Lewinsky scandal l?win ´ske [key], sensation that enveloped the presidency of Bill Clinton in 1998â€"99, leading to his impeachment by the U.S. House of Representatives and acquittal by the Senate. Paula Corbin Jones, a former Arkansas state worker who claimed that Bill Clinton had accosted her sexually in 1991 when he was governor of Arkansas, had brought a sexual harassment lawsuit against the president. Seeking to show a pattern of behavior on Clinton's part, Jones's lawyers questioned several women believed to have had a liaison with him. On Jan. 17, 1998, Clinton himself was questioned, becoming the first sitting president to testify as a civil defendant. In his testimony, Clinton denied having had an affair with Monica S. Lewinsky, an unpaid intern and later a paid staffer at the White House, in 1995â€"96. Lewinsky had earlier, in a deposition in the same case, also denied having such a relationship. Kenneth Starr , the independent counsel in the Whitewater case, had previously received tape recordings made by Linda R. Tripp (a former coworker of Lewinsky's) of telephone conversations in which Lewinsky described her involvement with the president. Asserting that there was a pattern of deception, Starr obtained from Attorney General Janet Reno permission to investigate the matter. The president publicly denied having had a relationship with Lewinsky and charges of covering it up. His adviser Vernon Jordan denied having counseled Lewinsky to lie in the Jones case, or having arranged a job for her outside Washington, to help cover up the affair. Hillary Clinton claimed that a vast right-wing conspiracy was trying to destroy her husband, while Republicans and conservatives portrayed him as immoral and a liar. In March, Jordan and others testified before Starr's grand jury, and lawyers for Paula Jones released papers revealing, among other things, that Clinton, in his January deposition, had admitted to a sexual relationship in the 1980s with Arkansas entertainer Gennifer Flowers, a charge he had long denied. In April, however, Arkansas federal judge Susan Webber Wright dismissed the Jones suit, ruling that Jones's story, if true, showed that she had been exposed to boorish behavior but not sexual harrassment; Jones appealed. In July, Starr granted Lewinsky immunity from perjury charges, and Clinton agreed to testify before the grand jury. He did so on Aug. 17, then went on television to admit the affair with Lewinsky and ask for forgiveness. In September, Starr sent a 445-page report to the House of Representatives, recommending four possible grounds for impeachment : perjury, obstruction of justice, witness tampering, and abuse of authority (in claiming executive privilege and other actions). The report, detailed not only in its reporting of claimed misdeeds but also its description of sexual acts, was condemned by many as prurient. The House Judiciary Committee considered the report in October and Novembe r. In mid-November it sent Clinton 81 formal inquiries; his answers, seen as legalistic and combative, were thought to hurt his case. On Dec. 12, in party-line votes, the committee approved four impeachment counts, rejecting a resolution of censure drafted by Democrats as an alternative. House Republicans had unexpectedly lost seats in the Nov. elections, and it was widely held that the impeachment proceeding was one reason, since polls showed the public did not favor impeachment. It was also said that there was no chance the Senate would convict on any charge. The White House hoped that these facts and its own campaign against impeachment would prevent it, but on Dec. 19 Clinton became the second president (after Andrew Johnson ) to be impeached, on two charges: perjuryâ€"in his Aug., 1998, testimonyâ€"and obstruction of justice. The vote, again, was largely along party lines. In Jan., 1999, the trial began in the Senate. On Jan. 12, Clinton settled the Paula Jones suit, dispo sing of any threat her case might hold for him. On Feb. 12, after a trial in which testimony relating to the charges was limited, the Senate rejected both counts of impeachment. The perjury charge lost, 55â€"45, with 10 Republicans joining all 45 Democrats in voting against it; the obstruction charge drew a 50â€"50 vote. Subsequently, on Apr. 12, Judge Wright, who had dismissed the Jones case, found the president in contempt for lying in his Jan., 1998, testimony, when he denied the Lewinsky affair. In July, Judge Wright ordered the president to pay nearly $90,000 to Ms. Jones's lawyers. During that same month a Maryland grand jury indicted Linda Tripp for illegally taping phone calls (Tripp had been granted immunity from federal prosecution but not from state charges), but the charges were later dropped when crucial evidence was ruled inadmissable. On Jan. 19, 2001, the day before he left office, President Clinton agreed to admit to giving false testimony in the Jones case and to a ccept a five-year suspension of his law license and a $25,000 fine in return for an agreement by the independent counsel, Robert W. Ray (Starr's successor), to end the investigation and not prosecute him. See M. Isikoff, Uncovering Clinton (1999); A. Morton, Monica's Story (1999); R. A. Posner, An Affair of State (1999); J. Toobin, A Vast Conspiracy (2000); P. Baker, The Breach: Inside the Impeachment and Trial of William Jefferson Clinton (2000); K. Gormley, The Death of American Virtue (2010). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

Example Linguistics Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2105 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Linguistics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Sociolinguistics of British Sign Language: Toward One Languageor a Variety of Languages? What is the future of British Sign Language? With thegrowing number of changes in the language, dialect and idiolect, is it headedtoward a single standardised version? Or will it end up as a collection ofsub-languages collectively known as British Sign Language? In Margaret Deuchars landmark book on British SignLanguage, Michael Stubbs wrote in 1984 that BSL provides a striking example ofa topic about which clear and straightforward information is badly needed byeducators and policy-makers, since there is widespread ignorance and confusionabout what deaf signing is (1984, ix). This remains true today, over twodecades later. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example Linguistics Essay" essay for you Create order Recognition of BSL British Sign Language was formally recognized as alanguage in the UK on March 18, 1993. However, it does not have any legalprotection. This basically means that deaf people do not share the same rightsas hearing people when it comes to access to information regarding education,health and employment. As a language, BSL has much in common with otherlanguages. Still, there is much about BSL that is unique, since it also has manyinnate differences from spoken languages. BSL is the primary language of the deafcommunity in Britain, a community that lives and thrives in a larger society ofhearing people, many of whom remain largely unaware of many of the issues in deafculture BSL variation According to Ronald Wardhaugh, a recognition ofvariation implies that we must recognize that a language is not just some kindof abstract object of study (Wardhaugh 1998, 5). BSL is no different from anyother language in this aspect. There will always be a wide degree of variationin the speech of one individual when compared with the speech of anotherindividual. In addition, there will be variations within that variation. AsWardhaugh points out, no individual can act freely and do just exactly what heor she pleases so far as language is concerned (Wardhaugh1998, 6). Otherwise,the result will be mass confusion, perhaps even gibberish. This is as true of BSLand its many variations as it is of spoken languages. Citing Chomsky, Wardhaugh also points out that languageis essentially a set of items (Wardhaugh1998, 10). Whether these items arespoken or signed will necessarily affect the methodology of research, but willnot change the basic fact that language is the key to how societies a restructured and how people manage to live together. There are a number of factors to explain why British SignLanguage is so rapidly changing and growing. According to Deuchar, just as wefind variation in English, we also find it in BSL, at the same kinds of levelsof the language, and linked to the same kind of social factors (Deuchar 1984, 130).This was reiterated again more recently by Rachel Sutton-Spence and Bencie Woll.They asserted in 2000 that just as there are variations according to region,social group membership and the social situation, so there are regional, socialand situational differences in BSL (Sutton-Spence and Woll 2000, 23). Thereare a number of societal structures responsible for the variations in BSL. Someof these are directly related to education of the deaf. According to Deuchar,the deaf in Britain are unlike the deaf in some other cultural minoritiesbecause they have not lived in isolation. On the contrary, they have lived inmany different parts of the country. Therefore, the places where they wouldcome together as a meeting point would be institutions for deaf individuals. Thesewould be for the most part educational institutions, particularly those thatare specifically structured for members of the deaf community. Other explanations for variations in BSL center around language userscharacteristics. According to Deuchar, these include such qualities as range of competence age of speaker response to setting (formal/informal) level of social skills. Range ofcompetence may vary from user to user, depending on individual ability as wellas level of depth of exposure to BSL. Response to setting may also be a highlyindividual characteristic; different individuals, including members of thehearing population as well as those in the deaf community, respond with varyinglevels of comfort to different settings. While some individuals movecomfortably between formal and informal settings, others will feel moreuncomfortable in less familiar surroundings (Deuchar 1984; Sutton-Spence Woll 2000). Anotherfactor that accounts for much of the variation in BSL is geographical distance.This can be the cause of both differences and similarities in vocabulary. Onetelling example of this is an experiment Deuchar did regarding variation innumber systems. The investigation was conducted in 1981 among deaf adults inLancaster. She found that a certain variant of the number SIX (right index onleft fist) was only used by people over the age of forty who had attended aschool for the deaf in NW England. In this case she concluded that both thesocial factors of age and schools seem to be significant (Deuchar 1984, 131). Additionalexamples of users characteristics that are responsible for variation areoffered by Brennan et al. Some pairs of BSL signs have identical manualcomponents, and the only way to tell them apart is through non-manualactivity such as the facial gestures that accompany the manual components. Forexam ple, the signs ENOUGH and FED UP are distinguished only by facialgesture. Another example is that of the signs SMART and CANT BE BOTHERED,which make use of exactly the same action of the hands, but in the latter casea distinctive mouth pattern is used (Brennan et al., 1984, 2). Sociolinguistics in the BSL/language continuum Thesociolinguistics of a language is the study of linguistic and sociologicalvalues. It can also be described as the study of how that language functionswithin society and how it is affected. The sociolinguistics of Sign Languagesis not unlike the sociolinguistics of any other languages. The same issues thataffect other languages affect Sign Languages, although the issues may beexpressed differently. Thefact that BSL is now officially accepted as a language is an important part ofthe history of BSL. It is partially responsible for changing the way BSL isperceived by the larger community. Other sociological and historical changeshave occurred over time. Many of these are due to education. As Sutton-Spenceand Woll point out: BSL changed when schools started using it nearly 200 yearsago, and again when it was banned in schools. Another factor that has affectedthe socio-historical change in BSL is technology, particularly television (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 35). Status in BSL: Political Correctness Asnoted earlier, British Sign Language (and Sign Language in general) is like anyother language in many aspects. This includes political correctness. Politicalcorrectness has caught up with sign language for deaf people. Gestures used todepict ethnic and religious minorities and homosexuals are being droppedbecause they are now deemed offensive (Mickelburgh 2004). This is true of AmericanSign Language as well: Traditional sign language words and letters for the useof the deaf in America are being changed to be made more culturallyappropriate (Davis 2000). However,it is true that many signs are still in use that may be considered as racist.One explanation for this is that deaf communities often feel that hearingprofessionals try to impose their own values on deaf culture, which isconsidered offensive and intrusive by many members of the deaf community. Thisis not concerned with the dangers of offending someone by mistake, but withsigns that are considered unacceptable because of deaf politics and deaf pride'(Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 249). Sociallyunacceptable language in BSL is similar to socially unacceptable language ingeneral, and includes taboo signs linked to taboo topics, insults, andexpletives. Other Variations in BSL Othervariations in BSL may be due to ethnicity, religion, sexual preference, andsocial networks. Ethnic Variations In someareas (for example, this is particularly true in the U.S.), there are cleardivisions between some black ASL dialects and some white ASL dialects [largelydue to segregation]. In Britain, however, the variation in BSL between blackand white signers appears to be less marked (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 27).Some explanations for this include the fact there were relatively few blackpeople in Britain until the 1950s. In addition, black deaf children attended mixeddeaf schools, and were therefore less inclined to be divided by racialcategories. Thereis, however, a growing sense of identity among black deaf adults in Britain.This has lead many researchers to conclude that eventually there will be adefinite variation along based on racial divisions, resulting in a distinctive blackdialect of BSL as time goes on (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 28). Incontrast, the British Asian deaf community relatively small. However, genetic deafnessseems to be more common to British Asians, so as t his segment of the deafcommunity grows, its members may develop a dialect of their own as well. Religious Variations Religionalso has an effect on BSL, particularly the Roman Catholic and Protestantreligions. The signing of deaf British Catholics is strongly influenced byIrish Sign Language because Irish monks and nuns have provided education forCatholic deaf children.and Irish-trained priests serve the Catholic deafcommunities in Britain (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 28). In addition,signers tend to have two variants of BSL, and will use them differentlydepending on whether they are communicating with people within their ownreligion, or with those outside of it. Gender/Sexual Variations It hasalso been noted that in some variations of Sign Languages, the differencesbetween genders are markedly different. This has been attributed to the factthat often males and females are educated in separate institutions, and whenthey leave these institutions must learn how to communicate with each other.However, this is not the case with British Sign Language, where the differencesin language between male and female members of the deaf community are reportedto be unimportant (Sutton-Spence 2000, 26). Situational Variations Situational changes have an effect on BSL as they do on all other languages. Changes occurdepending on the number of people the speaker is addressing; for example, whenaddressing a single individual as opposed to addressing an entire group.Changes also occur when the signer is addressing someone who does not have astrong grasp of BSL, either a member of the deaf community who is foreign, oran English-speaker who is not a member of the deaf community. Other situationalchanges also affect BSL, as when the signer is addressing strangers, oraddressing small children (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 31). Language Planning: Status Planning and Corpus Planning Accordin gto Peter Trudgill, government involvement in language is often referred to as languageplanning. Sometimes this is a commendable and welcome activity, butnot necessarily. Trudgill further distinguishes between status planning andcorpus planning. Status planning occurs in countries which have to first choosea national language or languages and subsequently are faced with the issue ofdeveloping and/or standardising the language or languages (Trudgill 2000, 131-132). Often, however, the role of a national government goes beyond selecting a nationallanguage. For example, the language, having already been chosen, must bedeveloped and standardised; a suitable orthography must be chosen, or decisionshave to be made over selection of one dialect over another. This may get asspecific as the government being required to assist in vocabulary, grammatical,and phonological development. This type of language planning is much morespecific and involves much more active involvement on t he part of thegovernment, and is referred to as corpus planning (Trudgill 2000,135). It has been noted, however, that the distinction between corpus planningand status planning was first distinguised by H. Kloss in 1969 (Covarrubias1983, 42). Corpusplanning in terms of BSL standardisation is a complex issue. Some researchesassert that this will increase cultural understanding and go some way towardsalleviating racial prejudice and tension (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000).Social inclusion was also emphasised with respect to users of BritishSign Language. Most agree that promotion of BSL will add to the qualityof life for many people. It does remain important that enactment of policies by the government recognizethe ongoing significance of British Sign Language within the signing community.The fact that the deaf have spent many years and much effort fighting theiridentification as disabled is ofprimary importance. It is essential that the government continue to treat BSLlike any other minority language within the EU. Democratic institutions should seethat mechanisms are put into place that recognize the merit of different voicesand perspectives. This is the only way members of the deaf community will beable to effectively organize and increase their empowerment within society atlarge. Other Issues in Standardisation Accordingto Sutton-Spence and Woll, it is very clear that there is not a single,standard form of BSL (2000, 37). The BSL/English Dictionary has onlyrecently been published and contains a limited number of signs, they write. StandardEnglish is used o television and radio and by government organisations. BSL ontelevision is not standard and deaf television presenters use differentregional signs (Sutton-Spence and Woll 2000, 38). Although it is believed thata form of standard BSL may eventually emerge, they assert that because thesocial context of BSL varies so widely from that of English, that it isimpossible to predict what form it will eventually take. Furthermore,there is the issue that the signs of BSL can be divided into those of theestablished lexicon, or those of the productive lexicon, although BSL clearlyhas far fewer basic signs fixed in the lexicon (Sutton-Spence and Woll 2000,197).

Descriptive Essay About Cathedral Park - 1433 Words

Equipped with my phone and earbuds, my family and I were ready for our venture west. We were all eager to go; none of us had been to any of these attractions before--Sedona, Arizona, the Grand Canyon, Las Vegas, Utah, Colorado--and all of the states we drove through. My parents were in the front and in the back my sister and I were excited for the long drive we had ahead of us. The trip was going to be fun for all of us because we would have some family time together and also get a grasp on the world and how beautiful it would be if we would treat all of it the way these destinations are being treated. We drove through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico to get to our first main destination, Sedona, Arizona. We were driving into†¦show more content†¦The drive to the Grand Canyon was just about as boring as the drive through Kansas, nothing but dead grass and dry dirt. Even though it wasn’t the most exciting, this was what we had all been waiting for. This was like the core of the vacation. We pulled into the National Park and we were going to the parking lot when we saw around 10 bucks. We got to the parking lot and hopped out of the car and we all said â€Å"where is it?† There was nothing you could see yet except for trees and building. We started walking towards it and the view of it hit you at once, â€Å"holy crap,† I said, â€Å"this is incredible.† We started to walk on a paved path around the canyon and the view kept getting better and better. It was so hard to comprehend the view of this place. To think it was made naturally was unimaginable. After about an hour of walking we decided to take a bus to different locations of the park. When the sun was about to set we went to a look-out spot and waited around thirty minutes. â€Å"Norah, get your camera out. The sun s setting,† commanded my mom. Norah and my mom had a perfect spot to take pictures and a lady pushed her way right in front of them. None of us knew what to say besides, â€Å"did she really just do that?† We all had a very long day so we kept our mouths shut and took a bus back to the parking lot and headed to our hotel. The canyon was already packed at around 7:00 a.m. the next morning. We thought we’d arrive earlyShow MoreRelatedRosalind Krauss - Photographys Discursive Spaces9350 Words   |  38 Pagessici=0004-3249%28198224%2942%3A4%3C311%3APDSL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 Art Journal is currently published by College Art Association. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only forRead MoreUrbana at Feliza10754 Words   |  44 Pagesgenerations of readers. At present, the work is alive in various textbooks in Philippine literature as a significant nineteenth-century text that promoted good manners and right conduct among its readers. But as a cultural artifact, except in some critical essays, the book is treated fondly as a quaint anachronism from a bygone era, and is to be studied as part of a long forgotten past with its system of values and beliefs. However, as late as 1938, when the last edition of the book was published, a numberRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7

Should College Be Mandatory Free Essays

As children we are presented or rather questioned on what we would like to be when we are adults. A smile appears on our face and a twinkle is can been seen in our eyes. They are but dreams, or fantasies that which we hope to achieve. We will write a custom essay sample on Should College Be Mandatory or any similar topic only for you Order Now To our dismay, life is not certain, nor is our future. As we enter adoclesents and into our teenage years, reality sets in. We were faced with decisions that could have possibley affected our future to come. Aside from football games, pep rallies, and house parties, highschool can be fun, but stressfull all at the same time.It is then we are faced with yet another serious question; to attend college or not to attend college. College with out a doubt should be a goal or standard set by each and every individual: however, it is a choice and should not be frowned upon it was not in his or her future. For those who successfully earned a degree at an accredited college, will not hesitate to admit it was no easy task. It is through theatrical pictures or movies, t it is portrayed as ongoing beerfests and non-stop shenanigans.Alas, Hollywood fails to depict the true reality of a full time college student. College last stretch to a brighter future. It would be the last step in order to achieve ones ultimate goal, a life that could only be described as picturesque. The very life of a star including an immaculate home, the ever popular sports car, swimming pool, and a bank account with no limit. Yes it is a life we all want, but in truth it is too far from reach. College How to cite Should College Be Mandatory, Papers

Totalitarianism, Maos China Essays - Chinese Communists, Mao Zedong

Totalitarianism, Maos China Mao turned China into a complete Totalitarianism state. It was the Communist ideology that ran the country. All social, political, economic, Cultural and intellectual activities were in some way controlled by Mao. Mao set many rules by which the people were to live by making China at the time, a totalitarianism state. At the time of Mao's birth, Emperor Yuan ruled China in the Qing dynasty. The Qing dynasty had been controlling China since 1644 and had never been popular. Members of the Qing dynasty were called Manchu's. Many Chinese by no means accept rule from the Manchu's and many illegal secret societies were formed to try and weaken the government. A major conflict between these societies and the government was the ?Taiping' rebellion led by Hung Hsiu-Ch'uan. Tens of millions of peasants joined the Taiping armies. They took over most of Southern China and the capital, Nan king (now Nanjing). They would have defeated the government, but the west intervened and supplied the Government forces with arms and soldiers. They did not want China to become strong. The forces beat the Taiping very quickly in one of the largest mass slaughters in History. The Chinese had become convinced that the West was now invincible. China had lost a large amount of national self-confidence. During Mao's youth it was time for people to look for new ways to overcome these problems. Mao Zedong (1893-1976), also known as Mao Tse-Tung was born on December 26th 1893, in the small village of Shaoshan in the Hunan province. He came from a peasant family whose father had prospered from hard work. In Mao's seventh year in his village school there was a large attempt to drive out all foreigners, which was defeated by an international force of 2100 men. Violence was beginning to move closer Mao. SanYat-Sen, the leader of the Chinese nationalists party (called the Kuomintang) believed that a change within the government system was not possible. He believed that China must not only get rid of all the Manchu's, but also the emperors. In 1911 he organized a revolution in the aim of establishing a republican government. In October Mao joined the republican army for six months. Although this is only a short time it showed his determination by enlisting as a private in the regular army rather than a member of a student militia like most men with his education would do. The majority of southern China was now under control of the control of the republican armies. However, Yuan Shihkai, the former commander of the emperor's, forces continued to maintain control of northern china. Sun Yat-Sen and Yuan made a deal whereby Yuan would be named the president of the new Republic of China if he persuaded the emperor to step down. On February the 14th, 1912, General Yuan Shihkai was elected the first president of the Republic of China China was very close to Chaos when Mao graduated from College in 1918. He went on to study Western philosophy and economics at Changsha's public library. He was influenced greatly on Marxism based on the theories of German Karl Marx. This saw history in terms of the struggle of workers against Capitalists. It was the philosophy of the revolutionaries, which had recently taken control of vast land in Russia. It is known as Communism. Communism meant the end of power from the rich and privileged; it meant the communal ownership of all property. It would mean an end to the traditional ways of governing and recent experiments of Western style republicanism and democratic thinking. Mao became an assistant librarian at Peking University, the countries leading intellectual centre. Here, he met Chen Duxiu, a literary scholar who had moved from Peking to Shanghai, and Li Dazhao, the university librarian. More than any others, they were responsible for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. On May 4th 1918 in Peking, Mao witnessed a large student demonstration now known as the May fourth incident. It symbolized the rejection of liberal and moderate western models of development in favour of the radical Marxist-Communist approach. Two months later, Mao wrote, ?The world is ours, the nation is ours, society is ours. If we do not speak, who

How to Write an Accounting Scholarship Essay

How to Write an Accounting Scholarship Essay How to Write an Accounting Scholarship Essay When writing a good Accounting scholarship essay it is important for the writer to read and understand the instructions. This is to make sure one knows well the accounting topic before he or she can start writing. Instructions form the basis or the guideline for which direction the writer will form his or her argument in the accounting subject. This must be followed when the writer is thinking about what he or she is going to write about. In this case the subject is an accounting scholarship essay. It helps for the writer to plan and organize his or her thoughts prior to beginning writing. This is for proper coherence of ideas in the essay. This should be immediately followed by the process of making an outline which helps the writer to organize and streamline thoughts and ideas from the beginning to the end of the essay. Accounting is normally a topic which must be well fitted with specific terms. For one to win a scholarship by writing an accounting essay he or she has to demonstrate that he has more passion and zeal to pursue the course than the rest. A scholarship does not come on a silver plate, it must be earned. A good way to begin writing this essay could be by brainstorming and creating an outline of the relevant ideas to include. Therefore, the writer must see to it that the outline includes all the elements as written in the instructions. The accounting scholarship essay should explain and elaborate in detail every point in the outline. Moreover, accounting scholarship essays must make use of a clear, precise and simplified accounting terminology. Throughout the entire essay the writer has to show some level of maturity in the accounting subject. He or she must be in a position to state and clarify his or her accomplishments in accounting without necessarily showing signs of bragging. The accomplishments in accounting might be the key to winning the scholarship. Furthermore, the writer should see to it that his or her language in accounting is impeccable and without any grammatical mistakes and errors. The question on the accounting scholarship essay must be well addressed and straight to the point, as opposed to throwing ideas here and there without any reliable evidence. To perfect this, there is need for the writer to read the question several times and go through the essay to be sure of what the essay addresses. There should little generalization of the topic or ideas. Lastly, the writer must have someone with p rofound writing and editing experience to proofread the Accounting scholarship essay before it is submitted.

Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani, South African Activist

Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani, South African Activist Chris Hani (born Martin Thembisile Hani; June 28, 1942–April 10, 1993) was a charismatic leader in the African National Congress (ANC) militant wing (uMkhonto we Sizwe or MK) and the secretary-general of the South African Communist Party. Considered a threat to both the extreme-right wing in South Africa and the new, moderate leadership of the African National Congress, his assassination had a significant impact on his countrys transition from apartheid. Fast Facts: Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani Known For:  South African activist, chief of staff of uMkhonto we Sizwe, and secretary-general of the Communist Party whose assassination was pivotal in South Africas transition from apartheidAlso Known As:  Chris HaniBorn:  June 28, 1942 in Comfimvaba, Transkei, South AfricaParents: Gilbert  and Mary HaniDied:  April 10, 1993 in Dawn Park, Boksburg, South AfricaEducation: Matanzima Secondary School at Cala, Lovedale Institute, University of Fort Hare, Rhodes UniversityPublished Works:  My LifeSpouse: Limpho HaniChildren: Nomakhwezi, Neo, and LindiweNotable Quote: My studies of literature further strengthened my hatred of all forms of oppression, persecution and obscurantism. The action of tyrants as portrayed in various literary works also made me hate tyranny and institutionalised oppression. Early Life Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani was born on June 28, 1942 in the small, rural town of Comfimvaba, Transkei. He was the fifth of six children. His father, a migrant worker in the Transvaal mines, sent what money he could back to the family in Transkei. His mother worked on a subsistence farm to supplement the family income. Hani and his siblings walked 25 kilometers to school each weekday and the same distance to church on Sundays. Hani was a devout Catholic and became an altar boy at the age of 8. He wanted to become a priest, but his father would not give him permission to enter the seminary. Education and Politicization When Hani was 11 years old, the South African government introduced the Black Education Act of 1953. The act formalized the segregation of black schooling and laid the foundation for Bantu Education and Hani, at a young age, became aware of the limitations that the apartheid system imposed on his future: [T]his angered and outraged us and paved the way for my involvement in the struggle. In 1956, at the start of the Treason Trial, he joined the African National Congress (ANC)- his father was already a member of the ANC. In 1957 he joined the ANC Youth League. One of his teachers at school, Simon Makana, may have influenced this decision. Hani matriculated from Lovedale High School in 1959 and went to university at Fort Hare to study modern and classical literature in English, Greek, and Latin. Hani is said to have identified with the plight of Roman commoners suffering under the control of its nobility. Fort Hare had a reputation as a liberal campus, and it was here that Hani was exposed to the Marxist philosophy that influenced his future career. The Extension of University Education Act (1959) put an end to black students attending white universities (mainly the Universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand) and created separate tertiary institutions for Whites, Coloured, Blacks, and Indians. Hani was active in campus protests over the takeover of Fort Hare by the Department of Bantu Education. He graduated in 1962 from Rhodes University in Grahamstown with a Bachelors degree in classics and English, just ahead of being expelled for political activism. Exploring Communism Hanis uncle had been active in the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA). The organization was founded in 1921 but had dissolved itself in response to the Suppression of Communism Act of 1950. Ex-Communist Party members had continued to operate in secret and then formed the underground South African Communist Party (SACP) in 1953. In 1961, after a move to Cape Town, Hani joined the SACP. The following year he joined uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the militant wing of the ANC. With his high level of education, he quickly rose through the ranks; within months he was a member of the leadership cadre, the Committee of Seven. Arrest and Exile In 1962, Hani was arrested for the first of several times under the Suppression of Communism Act. In 1963, having tried and exhausted all the possible legal appeals against conviction, he followed his father into exile in Lesotho, a small country landlocked within South Africa. Hani was sent to the Soviet Union for military training and returned to Africa in 1967 to take an active role in the Rhodesian bush war, acting as a political commissar in the Zimbabwe Peoples Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA). Work With Zipra ZIPRA, under the command of Joshua Nkomo, operated out of Zambia. Hani was present for three battles during the Wankie Campaign (fought in the Wankie Game Reserve against Rhodesian forces) as part of the Luthuli Detachment of combined ANC and Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU) forces. Although the campaign provided much-needed propaganda for the struggle in Rhodesia and South Africa, in military terms it was a failure. The local population frequently informed on guerrilla groups to the police. In early 1967, Hani made a narrow escape into Botswana, only to be arrested and detained in prison for two years for weapons possession. Hani returned to Zambia at the end of 1968 to continue his work with ZIPRA. Rising in the ANC, MK, and the SACP In 1973 Hani transferred to Lesotho. There, he  organized  units of the MK for guerrilla operations in South Africa. By 1982, Hani had become prominent enough in the ANC to be the focus of several assassination attempts, including at least one car bomb. He was transferred from the Lesotho capital of Maseru to the  center  of the ANC political leadership in Lusaka, Zambia. That year he was elected to the membership of the ANC National Executive Committee, and by 1983 he had been promoted to political commissar of the MK, working with student recruits who joined the ANC in exile after the  1976 student uprising. When dissident ANC members, who were being held in detention camps in Angola, mutinied against their harsh treatment in 1983–1984, Hani had a part in the uprisings suppression. Hani continued to rise through the ANC ranks and in 1987 he became the chief of staff of the MK. During the same  period,  he rose to senior  membership  of the SACP. Return to South Africa After the unbanning of ANC and SACP on February 2, 1990, Hani returned to South Africa and became a charismatic and popular speaker in townships. By 1990 he was known to be a close associate of Joe Slovo, the secretary-general of the SACP. Both Slovo and Hani were considered dangerous figures in the eyes of South Africas extreme right: the Afrikaner Weerstandsbewging (AWB, Afrikaner Resistance Movement) and the Conservative Party (CP). When Slovo announced that he had cancer in 1991, Hani took over as secretary-general. In 1992, Hani stepped down as chief of staff of uMkhonto we Sizwe to devote more time to the  organization  of the SACP. Communists were prominent in the ANC and the Council of South African Trade Unions, but were under threat- the collapse of the Soviet Union in Europe had discredited the movement  worldwide. Helping the SACP Rise Hani campaigned for the SACP in townships around South Africa, seeking to redefine its place as a national political party. It was soon doing well- better than the ANC in fact- especially amongst the young. The youth had no real experiences of the pre-apartheid era and no commitment to the democratic ideals of the more moderate Mandela and his cohort. Hani is known to have been charming, passionate, and charismatic and he soon attracted a cult-like following. He was the only political leader who seemed to have influence over the radical township  self-defense  groups that had parted from the authority of the ANC. Hanis SACP would have proved a serious match for the ANC in the 1994 elections. Assassination On April 10, 1993, as he returned home to the racially mixed suburb of Dawn Park,  Boksburg  near Johannesburg, Hani was assassinated by  Janusz  Walus, an anti-Communist Polish refugee who had close links to the white nationalist AWB. Also implicated in the assassination was Conservative Party member of parliament Clive Derby-Lewis. Legacy Hanis death came at a critical time for South Africa. The SACP had been on the brink of attaining significant status as an independent political party, but it now found itself bereft of funds (due to the Soviet collapse in Europe) and without a strong leader- and the democratic process was faltering. The assassination helped persuade the bickering negotiators of the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum to finally set a date for South Africas first democratic election. Walus and Derby-Lewis were captured, sentenced, and jailed shortly after the assassination- within six months. Both were sentenced to death. In a peculiar twist, the new government (and constitution) that they had actively fought against, caused their sentences to be commuted to life imprisonment because the death penalty had been ruled unconstitutional. In 1997 Walus and Derby-Lewis applied for amnesty through the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) hearings. Despite their claims that they were working for the Conservative Party, and therefore the assassination had been a political act, the TRC effectively ruled that Hani had been assassinated by right-wing extremists who were apparently acting independently. Walus and Derby-Lewis are currently serving their sentence in a maximum-security prison near Pretoria. Sources Hani, Chris. My Life. South Africa Communist Party, 1991.The OMalley Archives.  The Death of Chris Hani:  An African Misadventure.